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Web service endpoint implementation class is used by the Web service client to access a stateless session bean. It is typically the primary programming artifact for enterprise bean Web service endpoints. It declares the methods that a client can invoke on the service. An interface is not required while building a JAX-WS endpoint. The Web service implementation class implicitly defines an SEI (service endpoint implementation). A Web service endpoint implementation class must conform to the following rules:
It must be annotated with either the javax.jws.WebService or javax.jws.WebServiceProvider annotations.
It may explicitly reference an SEI through the endpointInterface element of the @WebService annotation, but is not required to do so. If no endpointInterface is specified in @WebService, an SEI is implicitly defined for the implementing class.
The business methods of the class must be public, and must not be declared static or final.
Business methods that are exposed to Web service clients must be annotated with javax.jws.WebMethod.
Business methods that are exposed to Web service clients must have JAXB-compatible parameters and return types.
It must not be declared final and must not be abstract.
It must have a default public constructor.
The endpoint class must be annotated @Stateless.
It must not define the finalize method.
It may use the javax.annotation.PostConstruct or javax.annotation.PreDestroy annotations on its methods for life-cycle event callbacks.
The @PostConstruct method is called by the container before the class begins responding to Web service clients.
The @PreDestroy method is called by the container before the endpoint is removed from operation.
For example:

package bookaccount;

import javax.ejb.Stateless;
import javax.jws.WebMethod;
import javax.jws.WebService;

@Stateless
@WebService
public class BookAccountBean implements BookAccount {
private String message = “Hello, “;
public void BookAccountBean() {}
@WebMethod
public String sayBook(String name) {
return message + name + “.”;
}
}

BookAccount is the Web service endpoint interface and the class that implements this interface must implement the sayBook() method defined by the BookAccount interface. The interface decouples the implementation class from the type of client access. For example, if a remote and home interface is added to a class named BookAccountBean, the methods of the BookAccountBean class could also be accessed by remote clients. The BookAccountBean class implements the sayBook method, which is annotated @WebMethod annotation.

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The Web service endpoint interface is used to define the ‘Web services methods’. It is necessary for an enterprise bean that implements the Web service to implement methods having the same signature, as the methods of the Web service endpoint interface. There are a numbers of restrictions exist on which types to use as parameters and results of service endpoint interface methods. It provides the client’s view of the Web service, hiding the stateless session bean from the client. A Web service endpoint interface must conform to the rules of a JAX-RPC service definition interface. A Web service endpoint interface must conform to the following rules:
It should extend the java.rmi.Remote interface.
It must not have constant declarations, such as public, final, or static.
The methods must throw the java.rmi.RemoteException or one of its subclasses. Method parameters and return types must be supported JAX-RPC types.
For example:

package bookaccount;
import java.rmi.RemoteException;
import java.rmi.Remote;

public interface BookAccount extends Remote {

public String sayBook(String name) throws RemoteException;
}

Here, BookAccount is the Web service endpoint interface and the class that implements this interface must implement the sayBook() method defined by the BookAccount interface. The interface decouples the implementation class from the type of client access. For example, if a remote and home interface is added to a class named BookAccountBean, the methods of the BookAccountBean class could also be accessed by remote clients.

A remote client is a location independent client of an enterprise bean. A client that runs in the same JVM as a bean instance uses the same API to access the bean as a client that runs in a different JVM on the same or different machine. The remote client uses a remote interface that specifies the remote business methods that a client can call on an enterprise bean. It also uses a remote home interface that specifies the methods used by remote clients for locating, creating, and removing instances of enterprise bean classes. The following are the characteristics of a remote client:
It is allowed to run on a different machine and a different Java virtual machine (JVM) than the enterprise bean it accesses.

It can be used as a web component, an application client, or another enterprise bean.

The location of the enterprise bean is transparent to the remote client.

A local client of an enterprise bean is location dependent. It provides access to an enterprise bean that requires both the local client and the enterprise bean that provides the local client view to be in the same JVM. A local client must have the following characteristics:
The client must run on the same JVM as the enterprise bean it accesses.
It can be a web component or another enterprise bean.
The location of the enterprise bean that the local client accesses is not transparent.

Local accessibility is the default accessibility of an enterprise bean. If the bean’s business interface is not decorated with @Local or @Remote, and the bean class does not specify the interface using @Local or @Remote, the business interface is by default a local interface. An enterprise bean that allows only local access can be created in any of the following two ways:

By annotating the business interface of the enterprise bean as a @Local interface:

@Local
public interface InterfaceName { … }

By decorating the bean class with @Local and specifying the interface name.

@Local(InterfaceName.class)
public class BeanName implements InterfaceName { … }

Remote access allows an enterprise bean to run on a different machine with a different Java virtual machine (JVM). An enterprise bean that allows remote access can be created in any of the following ways:
By decorating the business interface of the enterprise bean with the @Remote annotation:

@Remote
public interface InterfaceName { … }

By decorating the bean class with @Remote, and specifying the business interface or interfaces:

@Remote(InterfaceName.class)
public class BeanName implements InterfaceName { … }

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A constructor without any parameters is known as a default constructor. When a class is defined without any constructor, the Java compiler provides an implicit default constructor. The implicit default constructor is equivalent to the following implementation:

class name(){
super();
}

When the implicit default constructor of a class is invoked, it implicitly calls the no parameter constructor in the superclass. This action taken by a default constructor ensures that the inherited state of the object is initialized properly. In addition, it initializes all the instance variables in the object to the default value depending on their data type.

The default constructor of a class has the same access modifier with which the class has been declared. For example, the default constructor of a public class is implicitly given the public access. The default constructor of a protected class is implicitly given the protected access. The default constructor of a private class is implicitly given the private access. Otherwise, the default constructor has the default access implied by no access modifier.

The following table summarizes the differences between method overriding and method overloading:

Method Overriding	Method Overloading
Arguments of overridden methods cannot be changed.	Arguments of overloaded methods can be changed.
Method return types cannot be changed except covariant return types.	Return types can be changed.
Exceptions must not throw new or broader checked exceptions.	Exceptions can be changed.
It happens at runtime.	It happens at compile-time.
An object type determines which method is selected.	A reference type determines which method is selected.

Exceptions	Assertions
An exception tells the user of the program that something in the program went wrong.	An assertion documents a program. When it fails, it informs that the program has a bug.
Exceptions are created to deal with problems that might occur in the program.	Assertions are written to state the concepts of a program.
Exceptions are used to test input/output as well as whether parameters are legal or not.	Assertions are documentations that can be checked by running the program.

According to method overriding, an overriding method must follow the following rules:

• It must have the same argument list.
• It must have the same return type, new to Java 5. The return type can be a subclass – this is known as covariant return.
• It must not have a more restrictive access modifier.
• It may have a less restrictive access modifier.
• It must not throw new or broader checked exceptions.
• It may throw fewer or narrower checked exceptions, or any unchecked exception.

JavaBean is a reusable software component that can be visually manipulated using the builder tool. The following are the JavaBean Listener naming rules:

• Listener method names that are used to register a listener with an event source must use the prefix add followed by the listener type.
• Listener method names that are used to remove a listener must use the prefix remove followed by the listener type.
• The type of listener to be added or removed must be passed as the argument to the method.
• Listener method names must end with the word “Listener”.

A variable arity method allows the number of arguments in a method call to be varied. Invocations of this method may contain more actual parameters than formal parameters. The last parameter for the variable arity method is as follows:

The ellipses ( ) is specified between the type and the formal parameter name. Here, type can be a primitive type, or a reference type, or a type parameter. Such a parameter is called a varargs parameter. A variable arity method can be formed as a fixed arity method. For example:

public static void testMethod(int x, int args)

The varargs parameter in a variable arity method is always interpreted as having the type. It is heavily used in formatting text representation of values.

Following are the characteristics of a message-driven bean:
It executes upon receipt of a single client message.
It is invoked asynchronously.
It is relatively short-lived.
It does not represent directly shared data in the database, but it can access and update this data.
It can be transaction-aware.
It is stateless.
Client components invoke methods directly and they do not locate message-driven beans.
It allows JMS messages to be sent asynchronously.
A message can be delivered to a message-driven bean within a transaction context.
The instance variables of the message-driven bean instance can contain some state across the handling of client messages.

The createSession() method is used to create a session object. If non-transacted sessions are used then the acknowledgement depends on the value specified as the second argument of the createSession method. The following is the general form of the createSession() method:

public Session createSession(boolean transacted, int acknowledgeMode) throws JMSException

Here, the parameter transacted indicates whether the session is transacted. The parameter acknowledgeMode indicates whether the consumer or the client will acknowledge any messages it receives; it will be ignored if the session is transacted. The legal values for the acknowledge mode are Session.AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE, Session.CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE, and Session.DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE. However, these values use integer constants. The following table depicts the constant values:

Acknowledge mode Constant value
AUTO_ACKNOWLEDGE 1
CLIENT_ACKNOWLEDGE 2
DUPS_OK_ACKNOWLEDGE 3
SESSION_TRANSACTED 0

The delivery mode of a message depicts whether the messages are lost if the JMS provider fails. The delivery mode can be specified in either of the following two ways:
By using the setDeliveryMode() method: This method is used to set the delivery mode for all the messages that are sent by a producer. This method belongs to the MessageProducer interface. For example, the following example sets the delivery mode to ‘non-persistent’ for a producer:

producer.setDeliveryMode(DeliveryMode.NON_PERSISTENT);

By using the send() or the publish() method: These methods are used to set the delivery mode for a specific message. The long form of the send() or the publish() method is used to set the mode. The second argument is used to set the delivery mode. For example, the following example sets the delivery mode for a message to non-persistent:

producer.send(message, DeliveryMode.NON_PERSISTENT, 4, 50000);

Here, the third and fourth arguments set the priority level and expiration time.
Note: If no delivery mode is specified, the default persistent delivery mode is used. The non-persistent delivery mode may improve performance and reduce storage overhead, but it should be used only if the application can afford to miss messages.

The delivery mode of a message specifies whether a message will lost if the JMS provider fails. The delivery modes are fields of the DeliveryMode interface. The following are the two delivery modes:
Persistent mode: This delivery mode is the default delivery mode. It is used to instruct the JMS provider to take extra care to ensure that a message will not be lost in transit if the JMS provider fails. Whenever, a message is sent with this delivery mode, it is logged to stable storage.

Non-persistent mode: This mode does not require the JMS provider to store the message or otherwise guarantee that it will not lost if the provider fails.

getMessageSelector: This method is used to get the message consumer’s message selector expression. Following is the general form of the getMessageSelector method:

public java.lang.String getMessageSelector() throws JMSException

getMessageListener: This method is used to get the message consumer’s MessageListener. Following is the general form of the getMessageListener method:

public MessageListener getMessageListener() throws JMSException

The Form-based authentication is a type of authentication mechanism. It allows the developer to control the look and feel of the login authentication screens by customizing the login screen and error pages that an HTTP browser presents to the end user. The following actions occur when form-based authentication is declared:

1. A client requests for accessing a protected resource.
2. If the client is unauthenticated, the server redirects the client to a login page.
3. The client submits the login form to the server.
4. The server attempts to authenticate the user.
5. If authentication succeeds, the authenticated user’s principal is checked to ensure it is in a role that is authorized to access the resource. If the user is authorized, the server redirects the client to the resource using the stored URL path.
6. If authentication fails, the client is forwarded or redirected to an error page.

The <security-role-ref> element is used to specify the declaration of a security role reference in the web application’s code. The declaration of the element consists of the following elements:

1. <description>:It is an optional element that specifies the information about the reference.
2. <role-name>:It is used to specify the security role name used in the code.
3. <role-link>: It specifies the value of the name of the security role that the user may be mapped into. This element is used to link a security role reference to a defined security role. This element must contain the name of one of the security roles defined in the security-role elements.