A constructor provides a convenient way to initialize a newly created object at the time of its creation. It is defined for a class and it is called automatically immediately after the creation of a new object, but before the new operator completes. All Although constructors look the same as methods, they are written by using the following conventions:

1. A constructor is always given the name of the class in which it is defined.
2. A constructor is always written without an explicit return type, not even void. This is because the implicit return type of a class constructor is the class itself.
3. Only accessibility modifiers can be used to declared a constructor. Unlike methods, a constructor cannot be declared as abstract, static, final, native, strictfp, or synchronized.

A narrowing conversion is an explicit type conversion or casting. It is used when the destination data type is narrower than the source data type, an explicit type conversion is required. The general form of this explicit conversion is given below:

(target-type) value

Here, target-type is the desired data type and value is the value to be converted.

For example:

int num1, int num2;
short num3;
num3= (short)(num1+num2);

In the example above, the sum of two 32-bit integer data type variables num1 and num2 is assigned to another variable num3, which is of integer type short (16-bit). Therefore, an explicit conversion takes place before assigning the value to num3. Otherwise, if this explicit type conversion is not performed, and the sum of variables num1 and num2 is directly assigned to variable num3, a compile-time error will be generated.

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getTime(): The getTime() method returns a date/time of the calendar in a Date object. Date objects are stored as an offset in milliseconds. The general form of the getTime() method is as follows:

Date getTime()

e.g. System.out.println(calendar.getTime());

setTime(): The setTime() method sets the current calendar’s date/time from the value of the specified date. The general form of the setTime() method is as follows:

void setTime(Date date)

e.g. calendar.setTime(date2);

public class Exc
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x1=0;
try {
int x3= 100/x1;
} catch(ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println(“Illegal operation”);
} catch(RuntimeException e) {
System.out.println(“runtime error”);
return;
} catch(Exception e) {
System.out.println(“Exception found”);
} finally {
System.out.println(“Complete”);
}
System.out.println(“Successfully”);
}
}

class Ques0357{
public static void main(String[] argv){
int s = 2;
switch (s) {
case 1:
System.out.println(“Fred”);
break;
case 2:
System.out.println(“Fast”);
case 3:
System.out.println(“Tech”);
default:
System.out.println(“default”);
}
}
}

The break statement is used inside the code block following the switch statement to terminate the execution of a statement sequence. As soon as a break statement is encountered, the program control is transferred to the first line of code that follows the entire switch statement.

In the given program, the argument to the switch statement is an int value 2. Therefore, the program control will be transferred at the matching case label, i.e., at line number 8. As there is no break statement after line number 7, the execution of the code will continue to fall through and all the statements after line number 8 will be executed. Therefore, the execution of the program will display Fast Tech default as the output.

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While using a JAR file when a directory is specified in the classpath, the files are searched in the directory specified and not in the directories up in the hierarchy. Also, the dot (.) operator means that the files are to be searched in the current directory also. The list of the files in the Windows environment are separated using a semicolon (;).

In the case of the Unix environment, the names of the files are separated using the colon (:) operator. In the command-line, the directory structure is represented using the forward slash (/) in place of the backward slash (\). The semicolon (;) separated list of directories specify the locations to search the files in the specified directories. The files are searched in the directories specified, and not in the directories up in the hierarchy. For example:

-classpath uc\ProgramCodeFiles\MyFiles;uc\JAVAFiles;.;

Here, files will be searched in the current directory, the MyFiles directory, and the JAVAFiles directory.

If a class Student creates two student objects. Which of the following statements are true about its constructors?

A: The compiler can call to super() in any constructor that has a call to this().
B: If a constructor is not declared in the code, a default constructor will be automatically generated by the compiler.
C: Constructors can be overridden.
D: The compiler cannot call to super() in any constructor that has a call to this()

ANSWERS:

If a constructor has a call to this(), the compiler will know that the constructor is not using the call to super(). A constructor can never have both a call to super() and a call to this() because one of these will be used as the first statement in the constructor. The compiler will not put a call to super() that is using a call to this().

If a constructor is not declared in the code, a default constructor will be automatically generated by the compiler. A constructor without any parameters is known as a default constructor. When a class is defined without any constructor, the Java compiler provides an implicit default constructor.

When the implicit default constructor of a class is invoked, it implicitly calls the no parameter constructor in the superclass. This action taken by a default constructor ensures that the inherited state of the object is initialized properly. In addition, it initializes all the instance variables in the object to the default value depending on their data type.

The default constructor of a class has the same access modifier with which the class has been declared. For example, the default constructor of a public class is implicitly given the public access. The default constructor of a protected class is implicitly given the protected access. The default constructor of a private class is implicitly given the private access. Otherwise, the default constructor has the default access implied by no access modifier.

import java.util.EnumSet;
public final class EnumMeg
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Integer i = null;
method(i);
}
static void method(int k){
System.out.println(k);
}
}

It will compile but will throw a NullPointerException at runtime.

class Ques{
public static void main (String[] argv){
int p1 = 0102;
int p2 = -10;
int mod = p1 % p2;
System.out.println(“mod = ” +mod);
}
}

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